AP Lit Vocab Essays

AP Lit Vocab Essays AP Lit Vocab Paper AP Lit Vocab Paper Essay Topic: A Raisin in the Sun A. E. Housman Poems Anne Sexton Poems Christina Rossetti Poems Elizabeth Bishop Poems Ezra Pound Poems George Herbert Poems Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Poems Jonathan Swift Poems Keats Poems and Letters Lycidas Phillis Wheatley Poems Poes Poetry Poes Short Stories Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems The Complete Poems of William Blake The Convergence Of the Twain The Faerie Queene The Poetry of Dh Lawrence The Poetry Of Robert Penn Warren The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The Sonnets of John Milton Thomas Gray Poems Thomas Hardy Poems Wallace Stevens Poems William Carlos Williams Poems Accentual Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number of stressed (accented) syllables- regardless of the total number of syllables- in each line. Many Old English poems, including Beowulf, are accentual; see Ezra Pounds modern translation of The Seafarer. More recently, Richard Wilbur employed this same Anglo-Saxon meter in his poem Junk. Traditional nursery rhymes, such as Pat-a-cake, pat-a-cake, are often accentual. Accentual-Syllabic Verse Verse whose meter is determined by the number and alternation of its stressed and unstressed syllables, organized into feet. From line to line, the number of stresses (accents) may vary, but the total number of syllables within each line is fixed. The majority of English poems from the Renaissance to the 19th century are written according to this metrical system. Alexandrine In English, a 12-syllable iambic line adapted from French heroic verse. The last line of each stanza in Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain and Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark is an alexandrine. Allegory An extended metaphor in which the characters, places, and objects in a narrative carry figurative meaning. Often an allegorys meaning is religious, moral, or historical in nature. John Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress and Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene are two major allegorical works in English. Alliteration The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; pizza and place alliterate. Example: We saw the sea sound sing, we heard the salt sheet tell, from Dylan Thomass Lie Still, Sleep Becalmed. Browse poems with alliteration. Allusion A brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement. The Waste Land, T. S. Eliots influential long poem is dense with allusions. The title of Seamus Heaneys autobiographical poem Singing School alludes to a line from W.B. Yeatss Sailing to Byzantium (Nor is there singing school but studying /Monuments of its own magnificence). Browse poems with allusions. Anapest A metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented syllable. The words underfoot and overcome are anapestic. Lord Byrons The Destruction of Sennacherib is written in anapestic meter. Anaphora The repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines. See Paul Muldoons As, William Blakes The Tyger, or much of Walt Whitmans poetry, including I Sing the Body Electric. Anthropomorphism A form of personification in which human qualities are attributed to anything inhuman, usually a god, animal, object, or concept. In Vachel Lindsays What the Rattlesnake Said, for example, a snake describes the fears of his imagined prey. John Keats admires a stars loving watchfulness (with eternal lids apart) in his sonnet Bright Star, Would I Were as Steadfast as Thou Art. Apostrophe An address to a dead or absent person, or personification as if he or she were present. In his Holy Sonnet Death, be not proud, John Donne denies deaths power by directly admonishing it. Emily Dickinson addresses her absent object of passion in Wild nights!- Wild nights! Archetype A basic model from which copies are made; a prototype. According to psychologist Carl Jung, archetypes emerge in literature from the collective unconscious of the human race. Northrop Frye, in his Anatomy of Criticism, explores archetypes as the symbolic patterns that recur within the world of literature itself. In both approaches, archetypical themes include birth, death, sibling rivalry, and the individual versus society. Archetypes may also be images or characters, such as the hero, the lover, the wanderer, or the matriarch. Assonance The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme. See Amy Lowells In a Garden (With its leaping, and deep, cool murmur) or The Taxi (And shout into the ridges of the wind). Browse poems with assonance. Aubade A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn. The form originated in medieval France. See John Donnes The Sun Rising and Louise Bogans Leave-Taking. Browse more aubade poems. Ballad A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (abcb) quatrains alternating fours of this literary ballad form include John Keatss La Belle Dame sans Merci, Thomas Hardys During Wind and Rain, and Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. Browse more ballads. Blank verse Unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse. This 10-syllable line is the predominant rhythm of traditional English dramatic and epic poetry, as it is considered the closest to English speech patterns. Poems such as John Miltons Paradise Lost, Robert Brownings dramatic monologues, and Wallace Stevenss Sunday Morning, are written predominantly in blank verse. Browse more blank verse poems. Cacophony Harsh or discordant word sounds; the opposite of euphony. See dissonance. Cadence The patterning of rhythm in natural speech, or in poetry without a distinct meter (i.e., free verse). Caesura A stop or pause in a metrical line, often marked by punctuation or by a grammatical boundary, such as a phrase or clause. A medial caesura splits the line in equal parts, as is common in Old English poetry (see Beowulf). Medial caesurae (plural of caesura) can be found throughout contemporary poet Derek Walcotts The Bounty. When the pause occurs toward the beginning or end of the line, it is termed, respectively, initial or terminal. Elizabeth Barrett Brownings Mother and Poet contains both initial (Dead! One of them shot by sea in the east) and terminal caesurae (No voice says My mother again to me. What?) Canon A list of authors or works considered to be central to the identity of a given literary tradition or culture. This secular use of the word is derived from its original meaning as a listing of all authorized books in the Bible. William Shakespeare, John Milton, and William Blake are frequently found on lists of canonical literature in English. Canto A long subsection of an epic or long narrative poem, such as Dante Alighieris Commedia (The Divine Comedy), first employed in English by Edmund Spenser in The Faerie Queene. Other examples include Lord Byrons Don Juan and Ezra Pounds Cantos. Chiasmus Repetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA. Examples can be found in Biblical scripture (But many that are first / Shall be last, / And many that are last / Shall be first; Matthew 19:30). See also John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn (Beauty is truth, truth beauty). Circumlocution A roundabout wording, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridges twice five miles of fertile ground (i.e., 10 miles) in Kubla Khan. Also known as periphrasis. Common Measure A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines. It is the meter of the hymn and the ballad. Many of Emily Dickinsons poems are written in common measure, including [It was not death, for I stood up]. See also Robert Haydens The Ballad of Nat Turner and Elinor Wylies A Crowded Trolley Car. See also Poulters measure and fourteener. Browse more common measure poems. Complaint A poem of lament, often directed at an ill-fated love, as in Henry Howards Complaint of the Absence of Her Love Being upon the Sea, or Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophel and Stella XXXI. A complaint may also be a satiric attack on social injustice and immorality; in The Lie, Sir Walter Ralegh bitterly rails against institutional hypocrisy and human vanity (Tell men of high condition, / That manage the estate, / Their purpose is ambition, / Their practice only hate.). Conceit From the Latin term for concept, a poetic conceit is an often unconventional, logically complex, or surprising metaphor whose delights are more intellectual than sensual. Petrarchan (after the Italian poet Petrarch) conceits figure heavily in sonnets, and contrast more conventional sensual imagery to describe the experience of love. In Shakespeares Sonnet XCVII: How like a Winter hath my Absence been, for example, What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen! laments the lover, though his separation takes place in the fertile days of summer and fall. Less conventional, more esoteric associations characterize the metaphysical conceit. John Donne and other so-called metaphysical poets [link to glossary term] used conceits to fuse the sensory and the abstract, trading on the element of surprise and unlikeness to hold the readers attention. In A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, for instance, John Donne envisions two entwined lovers as the points of a compass. (For more on Donnes conceits, see Stephen Burts Poem Guide on John Donnes The Sun Rising.) Concrete poetry Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic. Examples include George Herberts Easter Wings and The Altar and George Starbucks Poem in the Shape of a Potted Christmas Tree. Browse more concrete poems. Confessional poetry Vividly self-revelatory verse associated with a number of American poets writing in the 1950s and 1960s, including Robert Lowell, W.D. Snodgrass, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Berryman. The term was first used by M.L. Rosenthal in a 1959 review of Life Studies, the collection in which Robert Lowell revealed his struggles with mental illness and a troubled marriage. Read an interview with Snodgrass in which he addresses his work and the work of others associated with confessionalism. Browse more poets who wrote confessional poems. Connotation there was a connotation of distrust in his voice: overtone, undertone, undercurrent, implication, hidden meaning, nuance, hint, echo, vibrations, association, intimation, suggestion, suspicion, insinuation. Consonance A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme (see also Alliteration). Consonance can also refer to shared consonants, whether in sequence (bed and bad) or reversed (bud and dab). Browse poems with consonance. Controlling metaphor controlling metaphors: Metaphors that dominate or organize an entire poem. For example, metaphors of movement structure John Donne ´s A Valediction Forbidding Mourning (1633). couplet couplet: A pair of lines, almost always rhyming, that form a unit. dactyl A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables; the words poetry and basketball are both dactylic. Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade is written in dactylic meter. (See also double dactyl.) dead metaphor A dead metaphor is a metaphor which has lost the original imagery of its meaning owing to extensive, repetitive popular usage. flowerbed head teacher forerunner to run for office to lose face to lend a hand to broadcast pilot originally meant the rudder of a boat. flair originally meant a sweet smell. a computer mouse denotation denotation: The direct and literal meaning of a word or phrase (as distinct from its implication). Compare connotation. dimeter A line of verse composed of two feet. Some go local / Some go express / Some cant wait / To answer Yes, writes Muriel Rukeyser in her poem Yes, in which the dimeter line predominates. Kay Ryans Blandeur contains this series of mostly dimeter lines: Even out Earths rondure, flatten Eiger, blanden the Grand Canyon. Make valleys slightly higher, widen fissures to arable land, remand your terrible glaciers dirge A brief hymn or song of lamentation and grief; it was typically composed to be performed at a funeral. In lyric poetry, a dirge tends to be shorter and less meditative than an elegy. See Christina Rossettis A Dirge and Sir Philip Sidneys Ring Out Your Bells. dissonance A disruption of harmonic sounds or rhythms. Like cacophony, it refers to a harsh collection of sounds; dissonance is usually intentional, however, and depends more on the organization of sound for a jarring effect, rather than on the unpleasantness of individual words. Gerard Manley Hopkinss use of fixed stresses and variable unstressed syllables, combined with frequent assonance, consonance, and monosyllabic words, has a dissonant effect. See these lines from Carrion Comfort: Why? That my chaff might fly; my grain lie, sheer and clear. Nay in all that toil, that coil, since (seems) I kissed the rod, Hand rather, my heart lo! lapped strength, stole joy, would laugh, cheer. doggerel Bad verse traditionally characterized by clichà ©s, clumsiness, and irregular meter. It is often unintentionally humorous. The giftedly bad William McGonagall was an accomplished doggerelist, as demonstrated in The Tay Bridge Disaster: It must have been an awful sight, To witness in the dusky moonlight, While the Storm Fiend did laugh, and angry did bray, Along the Railway Bridge of the Silvry Tay, Oh! ill-fated Bridge of the Silvry Tay, I must now conclude my lay By telling the world fearlessly without the least dismay, That your central girders would not have given way, At least many sensible men do say, Had they been supported on each side with buttresses, At least many sensible men confesses, For the stronger we our houses do build, The less chance we have of being killed. dramatic monologue A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader. Examples include Robert Brownings My Last Duchess, T.S. Eliots The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, and Ais Killing Floor. A lyric may also be addressed to someone, but it is short and songlike and may appear to address either the reader or the poet. Browse more dramatic monologue poems. elegy In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subjects death but ends in consolation. Examples include John Miltons Lycidas; Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam; and Walt Whitmans When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd. More recently, Peter Sacks has elegized his father in Natal Command, and Mary Jo Bang has written You Were You Are Elegy and other poems for her son. In the 18th century the elegiac stanza emerged, though its use has not been exclusive to elegies. It is a quatrain with the rhyme scheme ABAB written in iambic pentameter. Browse more elegies. elision The omission of unstressed syllables (e.g., ere for ever, tother for the other), usually to fit a metrical scheme. What dire offence from amrous causes springs, goes the first line of Alexander Popes The Rape of the Lock, in which amorous is elided to amrous to establish the pentameter (five-foot) line. ellipsis In poetry, the omission of words whose absence does not impede the readers ability to understand the expression. For example, Shakespeare makes frequent use of the phrase I will away in his plays, with the missing verb understood to be go. T.S. Eliot employs ellipsis in the following passage from Preludes: You curled the papers from your hair, Or clasped the yellow soles of feet In the palms of both soiled hands. The possessive your is left out in the second and third lines, but it can be assumed that the woman addressed by the speaker is clasping the soles of her own feet with her own hands. end-stopped A metrical line ending at a grammatical boundary or break- such as a dash or closing parenthesis- or with punctuation such as a colon, a semicolon, or a period. A line is considered end-stopped, too, if it contains a complete phrase. Many of Alexander Popes couplets are end-stopped, as in this passage from An Essay on Man: Epistle I: Then say not mans imperfect, Heavn in fault; Say rather, mans as perfect as he ought: His knowledge measurd to his state and place, His time a moment, and a point his space. If to be perfect in a certain sphere, What matter, soon or late, or here or there? The blest today is as completely so, As who began a thousand years ago. The opposite of an end-stopped line is an enjambed line. enjambment The running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation; the opposite of end-stopped. William Carlos Williamss Between Walls is one sentence broken into 10 enjambed lines: the back wings of the hospital where nothing will grow lie cinders in which shine the broken pieces of a green bottle epic A long narrative poem in which a heroic protagonist engages in an action of great mythic or historical significance. Notable English epics include Beowulf, Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene (which follows the virtuous exploits of 12 knights in the service of the mythical King Arthur), and John Miltons Paradise Lost, which dramatizes Satans fall from Heaven and humankinds subsequent alienation from God in the Garden of Eden. epigram A pithy, often witty, poem. See Walter Savage Landors Dirce, [link to archived poem] Ben Jonsons On Gut, [link to archived poem] or much of the work of J.V. Cunningham [link to poet page]: This Humanist whom no beliefs constrained Grew so broad-minded he was scatter-brained. epigraph A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem. For example, Grace Schulmans American Solitude opens with a quote from an essay by Marianne Moore. Lines from Phillis Wheatleys On Being Brought from Africa to America preface Alfred Corns Sugar Cane. epitaph A short poem intended for (or imagined as) an inscription on a tombstone and often serving as a brief elegy. See Robert Herricks Upon a Child That Died and Upon Ben Jonson; Ben Jonsons Epitaph on Elizabeth, L. H.; and Epitaph for a Romantic Woman by Louise Bogan. figure of speech An expressive, nonliteral use of language. Figures of speech include tropes (such as hyperbole, irony, metaphor, and simile) and schemes (anything involving the ordering and organizing of words- anaphora, antithesis, and chiasmus, for example). Browse all terms related to figures of speech. figurative language Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something else, you are using figurative language. Simile A simile uses the words like or as to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: busy as a bee Metaphor The metaphor states a fact or draws a verbal picture by the use of comparison. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive it says you are something. Example: You are what you eat. Personification A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Alliteration The repetition of the same initial letter, sound, or group of sounds in a series of words. Alliteration includes tongue twisters. Example: She sells seashells by the seashore. Onomatopoeia The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap crackle pop Hyperbole An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: He was so hungry, he ate that whole cornfield for lunch, stalks and all. Idioms According to Websters Dictionary, an idiom is defined as: peculiar to itself either grammatically (as no, it wasnt me) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from the conjoined meanings of its elements. Example: Monday week for the Monday a week after next Monday Clichà ©s A clichà © is an expression that has been used so often that it has become trite and sometimes boring. Example: Many hands make light work. foot The basic unit of measurement of accentual-syllabic meter. A foot usually contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable. The standard types of feet in English poetry are the iamb, trochee, dactyl, anapest, spondee, and pyrrhic (two unstressed syllables) found poem A prose text or texts reshaped by a poet into quasi-metrical lines. Fragments of found poetry may appear within an original poem as well. Portions of Ezra Pounds Cantos are found poetry, culled from historical letters and government documents. Charles Olson created his poem There Was a Youth whose Name Was Thomas Granger using a report from William Bradfords History of Plymouth Plantation. free verse Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition. Matthew Arnold and Walt Whitman explored the possibilities of nonmetrical poetry in the 19th century. Since the early 20th century, the majority of published lyric poetry has been written in free verse. See the work of William Carlos Williams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and H.D. Browse more free-verse poems. haiku A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables. It creates a single, memorable image, as in these lines by Kobayashi Issa, translated by Jane Hirshfield: On a branch floating downriver a cricket, singing. (In translating from Japanese to English, Hirshfield compresses the number of syllables.) See also Three Haiku, Two Tanka by Philip Appleman and Robert Hasss After the Gentle Poet Kobayashi Issa. The Imagist poets of the early 20th century, including Ezra Pound and H.D., showed appreciation for the forms linguistic and sensory economy; Pounds In a Station of the Metro embodies the spirit of haiku. Browse more haiku. heptameter A meter made up of seven feet and usually 14 syllables total (see Fourteener). George Chapmans translation of Homers the Iliad is written in heptameter, as is Edgar Allan Poes Annabel Lee. See also Poulters measure. hexameter A metrical line of six feet, most often dactylic, and found in Classical Latin or Greek poetry, including Homers Iliad. In English, an iambic hexameter line is also known as an alexandrine. Only a few poets have written in dactylic hexameter, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in the long poem Evangeline: hymn A poem praising God or the divine, often sung. In English, the most popular hymns were written between the 17th and 19th centuries. See Isaac Wattss Our God, Our Help, Charles Wesleys My God! I Know, I Feel Thee Mine, and Thou Hidden Love of God by John Wesley. hyperbole A figure of speech composed of a striking exaggeration. For example, see James Tates lines She scorched you with her radiance or He was more wronged than Job. Hyperbole usually carries the force of strong emotion iamb A metrical foot consisting of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. The words unite and provide are both iambic. It is the most common meter of poetry in English (including all the plays and poems of William Shakespeare), as it is closest to the rhythms of English speech. In Robert Frosts After Apple Picking the iamb is the vehicle for the natural, colloquial speech pattern: My long two-pointed ladders sticking through a tree Toward heaven still, And theres a barrel that I didnt fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Apples I didnt pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now. Essence of winter sleep is on the night, The scent of apples: I am drowsing off. imagery (sensory) Describing words! internal rhyme In poetry, internal rhyme, or middle rhyme, is rhyme that occurs within a single line of verse.[1] irony As a literary device, irony implies a distance between what is said and what is meant. Based on the context, the reader is able to see the implied meaning in spite of the contradiction. When William Shakespeare relates in detail how his lover suffers in comparison with the beauty of nature in My Mistress Eyes Are Nothing like the Sun, it is understood that he is elevating her beyond these comparisons; considering her essence as a whole, and what she means to the speaker, she is more beautiful than nature. (titantic beauty vs. worms) italian sonnet Italian sonnet: An octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines); typically rhymed abbaabba cdecde, it has many variations that still reflect the basic division into two parts separated by a rhetorical turn of argument (e.g., see Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese [1850]). lyric poetry Lyric poems typically express personal or emotional feelings and is traditionally the home of the present tense.[1] They have specific rhyming schemes and are often, but not always, set to music or a beat lyricism An artists expression of emotion in an imaginative and beautiful way; the quality of being lyrical. kenning A figurative compound word that takes the place of an ordinary noun. It is found frequently in Old Germanic, Norse, and English poetry, including The Seafarer, in which the ocean is called a whale-path. (See Ezra Pounds translation) light verse Whimsical poems taking forms such as limericks, nonsense poems, and double dactyls. See Edward Lears The Owl and the Pussy-Cat and Lewis Carrolls The Walrus and the Carpenter. Other masters of light verse include Dorothy Parker, G.K. Chesterton, John Hollander, and Wendy Cope. limerick A fixed light-verse form of five generally anapestic lines rhyming AABBA. Edward Lear, who popularized the form, fused the third and fourth lines into a single line with internal rhyme. Limericks are traditionally bawdy or just irreverent; see A Young Lady of Lynn or Lears There was an Old Man with a Beard. Browse more limericks. metaphor A comparison that is made directly (for example, John Keatss Beauty is truth, truth beauty from Ode on a Grecian Urn) or less directly (for example, Shakespeares marriage of two minds), but in any case without pointing out a similarity by using words such as like, as, or than. See Sylvia Plaths description of her dead father as Marble-heavy, a bag full of God in Daddy, or Emily Dickinsons Hope is the thing with feathers- / That perches in the soul- . Browse poems with developed metaphors. meter The rhythmical pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. The predominant meter in English poetry is accentual-syllabic. See also accentual meter, syllabic meter, and quantitative meter. Falling meter refers to trochees and dactyls (i.e., a stressed syllable followed by one or two unstressed syllables). Iambs and anapests (i.e., one or two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one) are called rising meter. See also foot. metonymy A figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself. Often the substitution is based on a material, causal, or conceptual relation between things. For example, the British monarchy is often referred to as the Crown. In the phrase lend me your ears, ears is substituted for attention. O, for a draught of vintage! exclaims the speaker in John Keatss Ode to Nightingale, with vintage understood to mean wine. Synecdoche is closely related to metonymy. motif A central or recurring image or action in a literary work that is shared by other works and may serve an overall theme. For example, the repeated questions of an ubi sunt poem compose a motif of the fleeting nature of life. Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and John Bunyans A Pilgrims Progress both feature the motif of a long journey. Motifs are sometimes described as expressions of a collective unconsciousness; see archetype. narrative poem Poetry that tells a story and is primarily characterized by linear, chronological description. negative capability A theory of John Keats, who suggested in one of his famous letters that a great thinker is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason. A poet, then, has the power to bury self-consciousness, dwell in a state of openness to all experience, and identify with the object contemplated. See Keatss To Autumn. The inspirational power of beauty, according to Keats, is more important than the quest for objective fact; as he writes in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, Beauty is truth, truth beauty- that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. objective correlative T.S. Eliot used this phrase to describe a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion that the poet feels and hopes to evoke in the reader (Hamlet, 1919). There must be a positive connection between the emotion the poet is trying to express and the object, image, or situation in the poem that helps to convey that emotion to the reader. Eliot thus determined that Shakespeares play Hamlet was an artistic failure because Hamlets intense emotions overwhelmed the authors attempts to express them through an objective correlative. In other words, Eliot felt that Shakespeare was unable to provoke the audience to feel as Prince Hamlet did through images, actions, and characters, and instead only inadequately described his emotional state through the plays dialogue. Eliots theory of the objective correlative is closely related to the Imagist movement. objectivism A term coined by William Carlos Williams in 1930 that developed from his reading of Alfred North Whiteheads Science and the Modern World. He described it as looking at a poem with a special eye to its structural aspects, how it has been constructed. Louis Zukofsky expanded the term and attempted to articulate its principles when he guest-edited the February 1931 issue of Poetry. He included Charles Reznikoff, George Oppen, and Carl Rakosi. Later, the poet Lorine Niedecker was closely associated with this movement. These objectivist poets, Zukofsky noted, were Imagists rather than Symbolists; they were concerned with creating a poetic structure that could be perceived as a whole, rather than a series of imprecise but evocative images. For more on objectivism, read Peter OLearys feature, The Energies of Words. Browse Objectivist poets. occasional poem A poem written to describe or comment on a particular event and often written for a public reading. Alfred, Lord Tennysons The Charge of the Light Brigade commemorates a disastrous battle in the Crimean War. George Starbuck wrote Of Late after reading a newspaper account of a Vietnam War protesters suicide. Elizabeth Alexanders Praise Song for the Day was written for the inauguration of President Barack Obama. See also elegy, epithalamion, and ode. octave An eight-line stanza or poem. See ottava rima and triolet. The first eight lines of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet are also called an octave. ode A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary. The Greek or Pindaric (Pindar, ca. 552-442 B.C.E.) ode was a public poem, usually set to music, that celebrated athletic victories. (See Stephen Burts article And the Winner Is . . . Pindar!) English odes written in the Pindaric tradition include Thomas Grays The Progress of Poesy: A Pindaric Ode and William Wordsworths Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Reflections of Early Childhood. Horatian odes, after the Latin poet Horace (65-8 B.C.E.), were written in quatrains in a more philosophical, contemplative manner; see Andrew Marvells Horatian Ode upon Cromwells Return from Ireland. The Sapphic ode consists of quatrains, three 11-syllable lines, and a final five-syllable line, unrhyming but with a strict meter. See Algernon Charles Swinburnes Sapphics. The odes of the English Romantic poets vary in stanza form. They often address an intense emotion at the onset of a personal crisis (see Samuel Taylor Coleridges Dejection: An Ode,) or celebrate an object or image that leads to revelation (see John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, and To Autumn). Browse more odes. onomatopoeia A figure of speech in which the sound of a word imitates its sense (for example, choo-choo, hiss, or buzz). In Piano, D.H. Lawrence describes the boom of the tingling strings as his mother played the piano, mimicking the volume and resonance of the sound (boom) as well as the fine, high-pitched vibration of the strings that produced it (tingling strings) ottava rima Originally an Italian stanza of eight 11-syllable lines, with a rhyme scheme of ABABABCC. Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form in English, and Lord Byron adapted it to a 10-syllable line for his mock-epic Don Juan. W.B. Yeats used it for Among School Children and Sailing to Byzantium. Browse more ottava rima poems. panegyric A poem of effusive praise. Its origins are Greek, and it is closely related to the eulogy and the ode. See Ben Jonsons To the Memory of My Beloved the Author, Mr. William Shakespeare or Anne Bradstreets In Honor of That High and Mighty Princess, Queen Elizabeth. paradox As a figure of speech, it is a seemingly self-contradictory phrase or concept that illuminates a truth. For instance, Wallace Stevens, in The Snow Man, describes the Nothing that is not there and the nothing that is. Alexander Pope, in An Essay on Man: Epistle II, describes Man as Great lord of all things, yet a prey to all. Paradox is related to oxymoron, which creates a new phrase or concept out of a contradiction. parody A comic imitation of another authors work or characteristic style. See Joan Murrays We Old Dudes, a parody of Gwendolyn Brookss We Real Cool. paraphrase summarize pastoral Verse in the tradition of Theocritus (3 BCE), who wrote idealized accounts of shepherds and their loves living simple, virtuous lives in Arcadia, a mountainous region of Greece. Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life, as in Edmund Spensers The Shepheardes Calendar, Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, and Sir Walter Raleghs response, The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd. The pastoral poem faded after the European Industrial Revolution of the 18th century, but its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world; see Leonie Adamss Country Summer, Dylan Thomass Fern Hill, or Allen Ginsbergs Wales Visitation. Browse more pastoral poems. personification A figure of speech in which the poet describes an abstraction, a thing, or a nonhuman form as if it were a person. William Blakes O Rose, thou art sick! is one example; Donnes Death, be not proud is another. Gregory Corso quarrels with a series of personified abstractions in his poem The Whole Mess . . . Almost. Personification is often used in symbolic or allegorical poetry; for instance, the virtue of Justice takes the form of the knight Artegal in Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene. pathetic fallacy ascribes human, emotional qualities (feelings, thought, sensation) to inanimate objects, as if possessed of human awareness.[1] [2] As such, in the term pathetic fallacy, the word pathetic communicates feelings of two types, pathos (emotion) and empathy (capability of emotion). poetic device A poetic device is a language feature such as a simile, metaphor, pun etc. poetic devices or often called poetic methods can be a number of things used in a poem. Examples of poetic devices are. language, imagery, assonance, alliteration, metaphor, similie and there are many more. poetic inversion inversion, also called anastrophe, in literary style and rhetoric, the syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence, as, in English, the placing of an adjective after the noun it modifies (the form divine), a verb before its subject (Came the dawn), or a noun preceding its preposition (worlds between). Inversion is most commonly used in poetry in which it may both satisfy the demands of the metre and achieve emphasis: In Xanadu did Kubla Khan A stately pleasure dome decree - (from Samuel Taylor Coleridges Kubla Khan) Inversion used simply for the sake of maintaining a rhyme scheme is considered a literary defect, although it is a common convention in folk ballads: quatrain A four-line stanza, rhyming -ABAC or ABCB (known as unbounded or ballad quatrain), as in Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. -AABB (a double couplet); see A.E. Housmans To an Athlete Dying Young. -ABAB (known as interlaced, alternate, or heroic), as in Thomas Grays Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard or Sadie and Maud by Gwendolyn Brooks. -ABBA (known as envelope or enclosed), as in Alfred, Lord Tennysons In Memoriam or John Ciardis Most Like an Arch This Marriage. -AABA, the stanza of Robert Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. refrain A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza. See the refrain jump back, honey, jump back in Paul Lawrence Dunbars A Negro Love Song or return and return again in James Laughlins O Best of All Nights, Return and Return Again. Browse poems with a refrain. rhyme scheme A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhyme between lines of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other. In other words, it is the pattern of end rhymes or lines. Bid me to weep, and I will weep While I have eyes to see; And having none, and yet I will keep A heart to weep for thee. rhyme royal A stanza of seven 10-syllable lines, rhyming ABABBCC, popularized by Geoffrey Chaucer and termed royal because his imitator, James I of Scotland, employed it in his own verse. In addition to Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde, see Sir Thomas Wyatts They flee from me and William Wordsworths Resolution and Independence. rhythm An audible pattern in verse established by the intervals between stressed syllables. Rhythm creates a pattern of yearning and expectation, of recurrence and difference, observes Edward Hirsch in his essay on rhythm, Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking. See also meter. rondeau Originating in France, a mainly octosyllabic poem consisting of between 10 and 15 lines and three stanzas. It has only two rhymes, with the opening words used twice as an unrhyming refrain at the end of the second and third stanzas. The 10-line version rhymes ABBAABc ABBAc (where the lower-case c stands for the refrain). The 15-line version often rhymes AABBA AABc AABAc. Geoffrey Chaucers Now welcome, summer at the close of The Parlement of Fowls is an example of a 13-line rondeau. A rondeau redoublà © consists of six quatrains using two rhymes. The first quatrain consists of four refrain lines that are used, in sequence, as the last lines of the next four quatrains, and a phrase from the first refrain is repeated as a tail at the end of the final stanza. See Dorothy Parkers Roudeau Redoublà © (and Scarcely Worth the Trouble at That). scansion The analysis of the metrical patterns of a poem by organizing its lines into feet of stressed and unstressed syllables and showing the major pauses, if any. Scansion also involves the classification of a poems stanza, structure, and rhyme scheme. sestet A six-line stanza, or the final six lines of a 14-line Italian or Petrarchan sonnet. sestina A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoy. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoy contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines. The patterns of word repetition are as follows, with each number representing the final word of a line, and each row of numbers representing a stanza: 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 1 5 2 4 3 3 6 4 1 2 5 5 3 2 6 1 4 4 5 1 3 6 2 2 4 6 5 3 1 (6 2) (1 4) (5 3) See Algernon Charles Swinburnes The Complaint of Lisa, John Ashberys Farm Implements and Rutabagas in a Landscape, and David Ferrys The Guest Ellen at the Supper for Street People. Browse more sestinas. simile A comparison (see Metaphor) made with as, like, or than. In A Red, Red Rose, Robert Burns declares: O my Luve is like a red, red rose Thats newly sprung in June; O my Luve is like the melody Thats sweetly played in tune. What happens to a dream deferred? asks Langston Hughes in Harlem: Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over- like a syrupy sweet? sonnet A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme originating in Italy and brought to England by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, earl of Surrey in the 16th century. Literally a little song, the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or turn of thought in its concluding lines. spondee A metrical foot consisting of two accented syllables. An example of a spondaic word is hog-wild. Gerard Manley Hopkinss Pied Beauty is heavily spondaic: With swift, slow; sweet, sour; adazzle, dim; He fathers-forth whose beauty is past change: Praise him. sprung rhythm A metrical system devised by Gerard Manley Hopkins composed of one- to four-syllable feet that start with a stressed syllable. The spondee replaces the iamb as a dominant measure, and the number of unstressed syllables varies considerably from line to line (see also accentual verse). According to Hopkins, its intended effect was to reflect the dynamic quality and variations of common speech, in contrast to the monotony of iambic pentameter. His own poetry illustrates its use; though there have been few imitators, the spirit and principles of sprung rhythm influenced the rise of free verse in the early 20th century. stanza A grouping of lines separated from others in a poem. In modern free verse, the stanza, like a prose paragraph, can be used to mark a shift in mood, time, or thought. syllabic verse Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses. Marianne Moores poetry is mostly syllabic. Other examples include Thomas Nashes Adieu, farewell earths bliss and Dylan Thomass Poem in October. Browse more poems in syllabic verse. symbol Something in the world of the senses, including an action, that reveals or is a sign for something else, often abstract or otherworldly. A rose, for example, has long been considered a symbol of love and affection. Every word denotes, refers to, or labels something in the world, but a symbol (to which a word, of course, may point) has a concreteness not shared by language, and can point to something that transcends ordinary experience. Poets such as William Blake and W.B. Yeats often use symbols when they believe in- or seek- a transcendental (religious or spiritual) reality. A metaphor compares two or more things that are no more and no less real than anything else in the world. For a metaphor to be symbolic, one of its pair of elements must reveal something else transcendental. In To the Rose upon the Rood of Time, for instance, Yeatss image of the rose on the cross symbolizes the joining of flesh and spirit. As Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren write in their book Understanding Poetry (3rd ed., 1960),The symbol may be regarded as a metaphor from which the first term has been omitted. synecdoche A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole (for example, Ive got wheels for I have a car, or a description of a worker as a hired hand). It is related to metonymy. synesthesia A blending or intermingling of different senses in description. Light laughs the breeze in her castle of sunshine, writes Emily Dickinson. In her heavily synesthetic poem Aubade, Dame Edith Sitwell describes the dull blunt wooden stalactite / Of rain creaks, hardened by the light. In George Merediths Modern Love: I, a womans heart is made to drink the pale drug of silence. tautology A statement redundant in itself, such as free gift or The stars, O astral bodies! Also, a statement that is necessarily true- a circular argument- such as she is alive because she is living. tercet A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed. Thomas Hardys The Convergence of the Twain rhymes AAA BBB; Ben Jonsons On Spies is a threes of poems in unrhymed tercets include Wallace Stevenss The Snow Man and David Wagoners For a Student Sleeping in a Poetry Workshop. tetrameter A line made up of four feet. See William Shakespeares Fear No More the Heat o the Sun or Channel Firing by Thomas Hardy. trimeter A line of three metrical feet. Percy Bysshe Shelleys To a Skylark employs trochaic trimeter in the first two lines of each stanza. See also Là ©onie Adamss The Mount. trochee A metrical foot consisting of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented syllable. Examples of trochaic words include garden and highway. William Blake opens The Tyger with a predominantly trochaic line: Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright. Edgar Allan Poes The Raven is mainly trochaic. tone The attitude taken in or by a poem toward the subject and theme. verse As a mass noun, poetry in general; as a regular noun, a line of poetry. Typically used to refer to poetry that possesses more formal qualities. villanelle A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas. These two refrain lines form the final couplet in the quatrain. See Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas, Elizabeth Bishops One Art, and Edwin Arlington Robinsons The House on the Hill. word order The syntactic arrangement of words in a sentence, clause, or phrase.

The stock market crash of 1929

The stock market crash of 1929 Introduction The 1929 stock market crash led to the Great depression. Prior to the stock market crash capital in America was represented in form of stocks. Typically, corporations owned capital, which was in the form shares of stock. Investors traded their stocks at the New York stock exchange located on Wall Street. However, the stocks crashed in 1929 and affected the American economy greatly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The stock market crash of 1929 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cause of the crash Overpriced stocks The value of stocks in the stock exchange market rose sharply to unprecedented levels in the 1920s. Consequently, between 1920 and 1929, the value of stocks more than quadrupled and investors’ interest in the stocks was aroused greatly and many borrowed huge amounts of many to invest in stocks. The investors purchased the stocks on margin. They bought on the margin because they were of the belief that the prices of the stock would remain on an upward trend and thus speculation rose and many investors bought the stocks. Eventually the prices began to fall when perceptive investors traded of their stocks. Thus, the high priced stocks were temporal (Bierman 1). Due to the falling stock prices, panic selling began and the value of stocks dropped drastically. Impact of stock crash on the economy The United States economy was greatly affected by the stock market crash. Both individuals and businesses had invested heavily in stocks and thus after the crash they lost their money. Many businesses closed down and individuals did not have money to purchase goods from those businesses that were still operational. The then president Hoover signed a treaty that increased tariff rates with the signing of the Smooth Hawley tariff. Consequently, other nations shunned American goods due to exorbitant prices Investors The sudden crash of the stock affected investors who had borrowed mo ney to invest in stocks greatly. Generally, the people could no longer afford to buy goods and the demand for the goods declined sharply. People felt poor because their stocks had lost value at the stock market and thus could not afford to buy goods. Furthermore, they could not make new investments because they could not sell the stocks due to people loss of trust in the stocks (Stock Market Crash 1). Banks Banks were greatly affected by the stock crash and chaos reigned in the banking sector. To begin with, banks rushed out to collect debts from investors who had borrowed to invest in the stock market yet their stocks had very little value. In addition, the banks had not been left behind in investing in the stock market and most had deposited huge amounts of money in stocks. Consequently, depositors also hurried to the banks to withdraw their money from the banks after learning that the banks also had huge deposits in the stock market in a bid to save their savings. The banks were hit hard by the huge savings collections and the Federal Reserve System could not bail all banks out. Thus, many banks started to fall between 1932 and 1933 (Stock Market Crash 1). The banking system in American had almost grinded to a halt in 1993 when Franklin Roosevelt took office. The depositors had lost about $140 billion after banks closures. Therefore, people did not accept payments in checks because it was not easy to tell which checks had worth (Stock Market Crash 1).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How long it lasted The chaos caused by the 1929 stock market crash lasted for about four years. After taking office Roosevelt ordered banks to close for three days and during this period, measures were taken to correct the situation and prevent it from recurring in the future. For instance, few banks that reopened had strict withdrawal limits. Ultimately, sanity and confid ence began to return to the banking systems. Conclusion The stock market crash in 1929 was great lesson to the American government on how not to run the banking system. Many measures were in place to ensure that banks would not put their customers’ deposits at risk by investing in the stock market. The measures would prevent a crash in stocks with similar magnitudes in the future. Bierman, Harold. The 1929 stock market crash. eh.net. 05 Feb. 2010. Web. Stock Market Crash. pbs.org. n.d. Web.

Factors Contibuting to Individual Differences in Stress Response Coursework

Factors Contibuting to Individual Differences in Stress Response - Coursework Example Suffering from some chronic illness may be a source of stress for many people. It is important to understand how to respond to these stresses and factors contributing to differences in individual responses to stress. For instance, while alcohol proves effective in managing stress in some people, it has contradicting results in others (Sher & Walitzer, 1986). Stress response is the natural coping mechanism of the body to respond to stressful events and it involves the release of ‘hormones and glucose into the bloodstream to provide extra energy and alertness’ (Gilles, 2009). Researchers in response to stress often employ different approaches such as a consideration of the stimulus, the response, or the transactional perspective. However, regardless of the approached used, it is generally recognized that the individuals exhibit differences in the ability to respond to different stressful events. The differences can be attributed to the environmental, socio-cultural, and ge netic factors specific to the individuals. Some of the individual factors include personality traits (Kazmi et al, 2009), gender, social class, culture, ethnicity, age, and genetic composition (Davidyan, 2008). This paper examines the background of these observed individual differences with a focus on three contributing factors namely the environmental, cognitive, and genetic factors. ... mographic or historic developmental factors include gender, age, ethnicity, genetic predisposition, history of trauma or abuse, and the individual medical history (Davidyan, 2008). The psychological factors include whereas the social factors include acculturation, social support, socio-economic and educational status, leisure time activities (Davidyan, 2008). Environmental factors Various studies on human epidemiology have indicated that the early life experiences contribute significantly to the development of differences in how the individuals respond to stressful events in later stages of their lives. The differences that are observed in the psychological environment in which a physical stressor occur account for the variability in stress response (Sapolsky, 1994, p.263). The researches on the developmental programming of the stress system have examined the roles played by the environmental stressors or the exogenous glucocorticoids in the development of sensitivity to stress by an individual (Claessens et al, 2011). It must be noted that these factors do not stand alone in providing the influence. The environmental factors interplay other factors like the gene combination to define the differences. The outcomes of early experiences do not determine precisely the fate of an individual in the later stages. A class of environmental, cognitive, and genetic factors takes part in molding the overall outcome of the early life experiences. Personality traits and other dispositional traits have a stake in explaining the stress responses (Avitsur et al, 2006, p.289). However, there are cases in which the environmental factors are powerful and can override other factors like the genetic factors (Claessens et al, 2011). Various aspects of the environment working at specific

First world war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First world war - Essay Example Germany tried to free Morocco so that the coalition between Britain and France could be broken. In June, 1914, a Bosnian worker killed Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand along with his spouse. The worker was employed by a Serbian terrorist organization. Austria-Hungary saw it as a reason enough to attack Serbia. Austria-Hungary seeked help from Germany because they needed protection against Russia. On 28 June, the war was declared. Russia jumped in to assist Serbia. Russian government fully mobilized the troops for war on July 29. In turn, Germany resolved to fight Russia and France on 1 August and 3 August respectively. Germany was declared war upon by Britain on 4 August. By 4 August, 1914, a vast majority of the powers in Europe had plunged into the battlefield. The war ended with great changes in the world map. German Empire was transformed into a republic country. Britain took away German colonies. Liberal democracies were knocked off by dictatorship regime in Germany. Many new countries surfaced in Middle East as well as in

Applied_Health_Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Applied_Health_Perspectives - Essay Example    "We must guard against the increasing commodification of human life, its tissues and body parts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦which has the potential to debase human dignity and steer society towards a state where anything goes - if you have the money" Anon, 2010 Analyse the ethical basis of the views expressed in this quotation. Discuss any alternate views which are relevant to the topic and their ethical basis. Conclude by evaluating the effectiveness of any methods used to 'guard against' increasing commodification of human life. You are expected to use illustrative examples throughout and refer to primary literature. Money, money, money: the availability of which opens doors to a lot of possibilities especially in the utilization of human body and/or culture for one’s pleasure. The definition of commodification is based on the Marxist political theory. According to which, anything without a value is given a certain value. This could be anything such as an identity or an idea. This sh ows how with time, the social values have been replaced by market values. Hence, commodification can be defined as the process whereby things are treated as commodities and market trade is expanded to areas that were non-market previously (Stilwell & Argyrous, 2003). Commodification in relation to people is characterized with genetic engineering, cloning, eugenics, social engineering, fascism, social Darwinism, mass marketing and employment. And the most active participants to these forms of human commodification are those with the resources. All these would be discussed further in the following paragraphs. Genetic engineering is referred to the science of manipulating the genetic contents in order to insert genes of desirable traits into the organism. This induction could be done directly to the organism or it could be through an external cell that is permeated with the organism. Genetic engineering does not include traditional breeding of species, and allows man to choose the gene tic traits for its subject. When the genetic content of an organism is added to another host then the resultant is given the name of transgenic. Removing genetic content from an organism is also a part of genetic engineering. Genetic material is the commodity in subject, and when one has the capability and resources to acquire the desired genes the values in human reproduction and childbirth becomes skewed The same holds true for human cloning. Human cloning  can be defined as the process of creating a twin that is a human being who is a copy of another person based on genetics. There is usually not derived from a single fertilized embryonic cell mass. There have been plethoras of ethical outburst related to the concept of cloning. There are two types of human cloning that are discussed more frequently. These are reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning can be described is the development of cloned humans and is considered a crime in many parts of the wor ld, hence, not done legally. The latter, therapeutic cloning is the area of cloning which uses human cells cloning for research and medicine. Another category which is rather novel is the replacement of damaged or failing body with the help of cloning supported by brain transplant. This type of cloning is referred to as replacement cloning. There have been supporters as well as opponents to the concept of cloning. Advocates argue that there is a considerable difference

Comparison of unusual administration methods of morphine

Comparison of unusual administration methods of morphine Morphine is a widely used analgesic. Its clinical use and the high dependency factor (morphine and heroin have proven to be the most addictive opiates) brought up the need to investigate the classic routes of administration (oral, rectal, iv, sc) and compare them with some not so well established routes (nebulised, intrathecal, transdermal, sublingual etc). Introduction Morphine is a strong opioid derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum1. It is used for the management of moderate and severe pain. It acts directly to central nervous system exhibiting a quick time of action. Along with pain relief, it causes the sense of well being (euphoria). It can also produce a series of other central and peripheral effects such as sedation, cough suppression, nausea, constipation and might cause histamine release2. It is used during surgeries for anaesthesia and as a pain reliever after the operation. It is a drug of choice for terminal care and it is really useful for pain management in cancer patients3. Morphine is available at several formulations and different drug administration routes. The selection of the appropriate administration route is dependent on the extent of pain control required. For instance, parenteral morphine is used for acute severe pain, while oral morphine is used for the treatment of temporary pain. The location of the pain will also determine if it is necessary to apply topical preparations or not. Table 1 Pharmacokinetic Properties of three opioid analgesics Pharmacokinetic Parameters Half life Volume of Distribution Clearance Morphine (iv) 2-3 hours   3-5 litre/kg 15 -20ml/min/kg Fentanyl (iv) 3.5-3.8 hours 5-6 litre/kg 21-29ml/min/kg Diamorphine(iv) 2-3 minutes 25litre/kg Use morphine values Source: Clarkes analysis of drugs and poisons4 Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters such as bioavailability, half life and clearance and other characteristics of the drug (table 1) like side effects, ADRs and interactions must be taken into account before choosing the appropriate drug route. Patients preference (or fear) for a specific drug route and other psychosocial factors might also affect the choice of the formulation and patients compliance and finally medicines effectiveness. Discussion Oral route Regarding oral route, morphine comes as a solution and as immediate or controlled (systained) release tablets and capsules(fig 2). Fig 2. Oral formulations of morphine Oral Suspension Morphine solutions come in different strengths. Oral solutions can be prescribed by writing the formula Morphine HCl 5mg and Chloroform water to 5ml but the proportion can be altered. Morphine Sulphate solutions (Oramorph) are available at 10mg/5ml and as concentrated solutions of 100mg/5ml3. Other excipients include: ethanol (96%- morphine is slightly soluble in ethanol), corn syrup, sucrose, methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218), propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216) and purified water. Due to the high content of alcohol this drug is not recommended to alcohol misusers. Normal adult dose is 10-20mg every four hours although when prescribed in palliative care dosage varies higher or lower according to the severity of the pain and kidney function respectively3. As this formulation is not readily absorbed from GI tract, in order to produce same effects as iv dose a 50%-100% increase in dose must be considered. Overdose risk is high and can cause hypotension, respiratory depression and in some cases death. Naloxone which is an opiate antagonist is the first line treatment in case of overdosing5. Tablets and Capsules Solid dosage forms contain morphine in form of salt e.g Morphine Sulphate and Morphine hydrochlorate. Theses salts in the body will be available as morphine bases. Tablets are available in two preparations immediate release and modified release. The short acting tablets come in 10mg, 20mg and 50mg3. They are given every 2-4 hours to control and stabilise breakthrough pain. These tablets are a way of determining the amount of morphine needed to manage pain. Once the quantity of morphine is established the patient can take slow-release tablets and capsules. These formulations contain enough morphine to control pain for 12 or 24 hours. The starting dose varies and from 10-20mg every 12hours if the patient has not taken any other painkiller previously, to 20-30 mg every 12 hours in cases of replacement weak analgesics3. Note only the dose can increase whereas the frequency must remain the same i.e. every 12 hours. It can take up to 48 hours for the morphine to reach the required plasma levels meaning that it is important to be taken regularly otherwise they lose their effectiveness5. If the patience experience pain between doses an additional dose must be given and the GP should decide if it is necessary to increase the daily dose. Oral morphine is a well established drug delivery method however; problems such as the first pass metabolism, the slow onset and the risk of overdose have raised questions on whether other novel administration routes can be used. Intravenous This route is used only in hospitals and in managing emergency pain symptoms. The bolus administration provides almost instant onset with a short effect. Iv morphine is used when sc route is not tolerated. A popular application of this method is in Patient Controlled analgesia (PCA) where the opioid is delivered using a Hospiral infusion device. The patient can control the morphine intake and establish an acceptable level of analgesia6. Morphine is available in 50 and 100ml vials with strength 1mg/ml3. It is used post operatively especially after transplants surgeries and in the management of chronic pain of malignancy. Although this method is useful for the management of severe pain there are many drawbacks. First of all, most of the pumps are bulky and invasive. Their installation is complicated as they require mains attachment and the patient has limited mobility .There is a high risk of overdose therefore supervision is needed. Side effects such as hypotension and respiratory dep ression might develop while convulsions due to high dosage are likely to occur. fig3. PCA infusion device vs syringe driver Subcutaneous Subcutaneous method is an excellent alternative to oral administration method. It is safe and effective method which is widely used both in palliative care and severe pain management. It is used for patients that present conditions such as gastrointestinal disturbances including indigestion, palindromic motility and obstruction5. A prime characteristic of the sc method is the syringe driver. The driver employs simple syringes and bears a flow rate setting option usually ml/hr which enables accurate dosing over a specific period of time. Unlike PCA infusion devices, it is battery powered, so patients mobility is not an issue (fig 3). The risk of overdose is lower compared to iv route as there is a constant stable administration schedule6. There is no need for continuous strict supervision as the driver is easy to use. Often, the subcutaneous route can cause some skin site problems. Irritation might appear especially when there are high concentrations of morphine or when it is combined with other drugs which are not fully compatible3. This problem can be treated either by diluting the dose or by choosing alternative more compatible drugs. Also some patients might experience needle allergic reactions and action must be taken e.g introduce an alternative Teflon cannula. Patients might feel discomfort, especially those who lack of subcutaneous tissue16. Sometimes, possible leakage of subcutaneous site might be observed. Finally, the sc method is not recommended for palliative care patients with acute vascular conditions. Rectal This drug administration route is quite popular and is used for short term management of acute pain. Also in terminal cancer patients modified release morphine sulphate is administered via this route6. Although the absorption rate varies for each individual, it is estimated that around 300-330 mg of morphine are absorbed rectally every four hours, indicating a sufficient analgesic effect. Studies have shown that for the patients who have never taken morphine, rectal morphine is more effective than the oral administered one5. Rectal morphine is available in the form of suppositories at different strengths (10, 15, 20 and 30 mg) 3. Prescribers must specify both the strength and the morphine salt (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulphate) that suppositories should contain. Evidence shows two deaths15 after consequent doses of rectal morphine should raise awareness and the need of monitoring the dosing regimen and frequency. Rectal route is not avoiding completely the first pass metabolism; therefore the bioavailability might be influenced. Non conventional routes Apart from the conventional drug routes mentioned before, it is necessary to look into other not so popular ones such as the transmucosal, transdermal, sublingual, intrathecal and nebulised routes of administration and try to compare them. Transdermal- Transmucosal Transdermal route is a relatively painless method. The drug absorption is rapidly. Patches are easy to use and not quite expensive. Although this method is usually tolerated from the patients skin irritation and rashes might appear. Transdermal morphine is not popular as there are questions about the efficacy of this method. However, fentanyl another opioid is the drug of choice. More specifically, fentanyl patches are more effective in managing chronic pain compared to modified release oral morphine9. Also, transdermal fentanyl causes reduced constipation and drowsiness14. Another administration route which fentanyl is again preferred than morphine is the transmucosal route by a buccal tablet. The main reason is that fentanyl is a lipophilic drug while morphine has a limited lipid solubility. More specifically, when fentanyl is placed in saliva it is 80% non-ionized  and it usually takes 20-30 minutes for the analgesic effect to reach its peak14. Note transmucosal morphine is also available but the bioavailability is low and analgesic effect is not significant. Sublingual route This route utilises soluble immediate release tablets and it is recommended to patients that have swallowing difficulties. Morphine enters into bloodstream via sublingual mucosa. Investigations have shown that the absorption of morphine is the same (and in a few cases faster) compared with the oral route7. Same studies have shown that there is no significant difference in the extent and duration of analgesic effect when is compared with oral administered morphine3. Nebulised morphine Nebulised morphine utilises the airways to deliver the drug into pulmonary circulation. It can be used for COPD patients in the management of acute thoracic pain11. Through this route, the effect of hepatic metabolism is avoided and a rapid absorption is noted. However, the plasma drug levels are unpredictable indicating the necessity of further clinical investigations. Studies showed that inhaled morphine was as effective as intravenous PCA morphine without causing strong sedating symptoms8. Although nebulised morphine is well accepted, patients who are not used to opioids might experience nausea and vomiting and in rare cases respiratory depression. Other common side effects include constipation and histamine induced broncho-constriction. Another drawback of nebulised morphine is the high cost of the equipment (nebuliser, injectable vials, etc). It is not a simple method and some patients might find it difficult to use the nebuliser. Studies show a wide range of bioavailability in subjects; relating the bioavailability of the drug with the patients ability to use the nebuliser in the right way10. Epidural/intrathecal Both epidural and intrathecal routes are used mostly in the hospital clinical environment. The bioavailability is high so spinal administered morphine can provide extended analgesic effect at lower doses (compared to the conventional drug routes)12. Although epidural and intrathecal morphine can relieve both acute and chronic pain; studies suggest that these routes should be used only for pain which cannot be controlled by the classic established methods13. For instance, these routes are effective in managing lower body pain. Note that only 1% of the daily iv dose must be used intrathecally and only 10% epidurally5. An implanted infusion pump may be used to deliver intrathecal morphine at a continuous rate. A disadvantage of these methods is the high risk of infection and overdose as the staff must be trained and careful when dosing for breakthrough pains. Studies have reported a number of patients experiencing side effects such as sedation, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting after spinal administration12. Spinal morphine is not usually preferred while diamorphine is the drug of choice due to its high solubility manner. Conclusion As it was mentioned before, morphine can be administered via different routes. However, it is vital each time to consider the risk- benefit ratio for each method and choose the most effective and safe one. Moreover, before establishing unconventional methods such as nebulised and spinal morphine it is important to further investigate their suitability and ways to improve the drug delivery and minimise side effects. Finally, if it is necessary to choose other opiates (such as fentanyl and diamorphine), which might be more efficient than morphine.

Conflicts in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps The Angel Over the Right Shoulder

Conflicts in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps' The Angel Over the Right Shoulder      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Angel Over the Right Shoulder" is fascinating because of the conflict it uncovers between a woman's need to fulfill her domestic role and her need to develop as an individual. The story was published in 1852, when the American people were struggling with the role of women in society. The author, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, introduces two opposing possibilities for this role. One is the woman whose entire being revolves around her domestic sphere and who has no individual identity. The other is an individual who, although fulfilling the role of mother and wife, takes time to cultivate and develop her own interests and person. This essay will focus on discussing the social and historical concepts intertwined with these two opposing viewpoints concerning the role of women in the middle 19th century rather then evaluating them in terms of the story. This will give the reader information necessary to better understand and analyze the events of the text.    The first possibility of woman's ideal social role, revolving entirely around her domestic responsibilities, has its origin in the past. Women of white middle class standing had historically taken on the responsibilities of clothing, feeding and caring for all members of the family, while the men had ensured that the raw materials for these duties existed. Stereotypically, the husband would work the farm cultivating the crops and caring for the animals, while the wife would turn these raw materials into the necessities of life, including food and clothing. When industry began to take over in the early 1800's the specific tasks of gender shifted, but the general spheres d... ...ideas about the new role of women in society while reading "The Angel Over The Right Shoulder", and to consider the ways in which Phelps encourages or discourages each one. I also encourage the reader to delve more deeply into the wealth of information surrounding this very important time period in the history of the United States, to understand where Phelps' ideas were generated and why she may have seemed to favor of one role of women over another.    Works Cited Graves, A.J., Mrs. Woman in America: Being an Examination into the Moral and Intellectual Condition of American Female Society. New York: Harper, 1847,c1841 Melder, Keith. Beginnings of Sisterhood: The American Woman's Rights Movement, 1800-1850. New York: Schocken Books, 1977. Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart. The Angel Over the Right Shoulder. Andover: Warren F. Draper, 1852.   

Green IT at City University †City Green Monitor

Abstract One of the main initiatives which have been employed by the City University within the Information Technology (IT) department is that of the Green Monitor, where a computing room has been set up by a group of students aimed at recording data from an environmental perspective (Green Dragons, 2014). This initiative is both effective now and in the long run, with wider possible uses in the future. This initiative is currently in its infancy, with the wider use under analysis here, as to how it can foster Green IT, going forward. The aim of this research is to develop this resource further and to create both policies and technology that will allow the IT department to support the Green Initiative across the City University, as well as across other institutions. Introduction The first issue which needs to be determined in this proposal is what precisely is meant by Green IT and what the impact of Green IT initiatives can be on an organisation or wider groups of organisations. In accordance with the guide produced by the Chartered Institute for IT, BCS (O,Neill, 2010) states that: â€Å"Green IT is a collection of strategic and tactical initiatives that directly reduces the carbon footprint of an organisation’s computing operation†¦ However, Green IT is not just focused on reducing the impact of the ICT industry. It is also focused on using the services of ICT to help reduce the organisation’s overall carbon footprint† This basic definition presents some interesting points of discussion, before going on to look at the precise nature of the work being undertaken here. Firstly, the issue of Green IT is thought to be linked to the workings of organisations and not to individuals themselves. This raises an important question from the outset: focussing on an organisation may be a false approach due to the fact that so many devices are now used by individuals and not as part of an organisation at all. Secondly, there is the notion that strategic and tactical initiatives may refer to a different approach to the strategies that may be seen as relevant for Green organisations, such as Greenpeace, thus creating a disparity in the overall objectives to be pursued. Finally, it is also noted in this definition that IT itself can be seen as a positive step towards environmental management, with factors such as the ability to work from home reducing travel emissions. This potential benefit of IT is not to be igno red and should be considered alongside the environmental costs. Moreover, O’Neill then goes on to argue that it is also necessary to look at the whole process of IT, including the manufacturing, transportation and disposal, not simply at the emissions and consumption when the item is operative. For the purposes of this research and in looking at the areas of Green IT projects within the City University, it is important to consider how the success or otherwise of the initiative may be judged. Bearing in mind the aforementioned discrepancy between strategy and tactical initiatives that may be pursued by the Chartered Institute of IT and the approach taken by environmental groups there is an immediate difficulty in producing a coherent plan for providing Green IT. In accordance with the BCS and the work by O’Neill, Green IT should be focussing on some key areas. Firstly, he argues that the area of Green IT should look at changing the ethos and culture within an organisation, so as to make sure that the corporate agenda of a company or organisation is reflective of the Green IT aim. As part of this, there should be initiatives in place to ensure that teams and individuals are able to enact Green IT initiatives that are established by the wider group. In addition, Green IT practices should be built into the wider organisational goals and processes, so that the infrastructure is purchased with Green IT in mind. By contrast, Greenpeace looks at Green IT as a means of pulling together energy efficiency and renewable energy, which is a somewhat different approach from that taken by the organisational strategy. In reality, and for the purposes of this analysis, a combined definition is to be pursued, with the suggested definition of Green IT being a set of realistic and practical measures which can ensure that IT is developed in such a way that is sustainable, energy efficient and friendly to the environment. It is this definition that will be considered for the purposes of the project being undertaken here. 1.1The Project at City University Monitoring devices created as part of this initiative are used in order to calculate the CO? emissions within the room itself. Using this information, energy consumption can then be ascertained. The aim of this initiative is to ensure that the students and staff across the University understand the impact that each computing hour has on the environment. This is, therefore, an initiative aimed at improving the environmental position in relation to the IT function and understanding how simple actions such as shutting down the PC at the end of the day or turning down the brightness on a monitor can have an impact on the CO? emissions (Curry et al., 2012). Bearing in mind the previous analysis of what precisely is meant by Green IT, it can be seen that the initiative as it currently stands within the City University deals with a minimal area of Green IT initiatives and requirements. The broader Green IT initiate needs to consider more than just the monitoring of the CO? emissions of the IT department. That said, this starting point provides the information that is necessary in order to be able to further the initiative into a working and sustainable policy, in the future. This initiative is an information gathering initiative which allows the University and then wider organisations to monitor the impact of their behaviours, in such a way that may influence behaviours, in the future. This paper will look at the strategy and concepts associated with power management in Green IT, before then going on to consider the likely behaviours and changes that are going to ensue, as a result of this Green IT initiative and then to draw conclusions on the impact of the initiative as the final section of the report. Power Management Concept within Green IT The notion of Green IT was established substantially by Murugesan, in 2008, stating that Green IT involves a wide range of activities, including designing, using and manufacturing not only the use of the computers, but also any systems associated with the renewal or purchase of such items, so that there is a minimal impact on the environment (Murugesan, 2008). Taking this on board alongside the earlier recognised area of Green IT, it can be argued that the issue of power management is a part of the overall objective which needs to be dealt with fully, before other aspects can be achieved. Without the knowledge that this type of monitoring produces, a wider IT strategy will equally not be possible. For example, if the research indicates that a certain type of screen is substantially better for the environment, then the next stage could be to roll out the provision of these screens across all departments within the University. There is a suggested indication from this perspective, that a monitoring initiative such as the one under discussion here is a suitable area for Green IT and arguably the crucial first step, as it is impossible to put in place improvements without understanding the changes and impacts, in the first place. A key strategy within this area of Green IT is to put in place approaches and processes that offer greater sustainability. For example, in this case, the use of remote monitors within the IT department could then be rolled out to usage in any other department which uses IT, or any other item that could be used more effectively to improve sustainability. Information is the lifeblood of any future initiatives that can be established. It is further noted that, in any modern IT system, there is a mixture of technology, people, hardware and networks. Therefore, any area of Green IT needs to consider all of these factors; for example, user behaviours and the broader impact on networks and hardware also need to be brought into the equation. Consider, for instance, the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which is a standard used across the entire industry to allow the operation systems to change and control the way in which the power-saving aspects operate, so that the system to a certain extent manages itself (Therien, 2011). This can be done in an entirely automated way, or can allow users to set tolerated levels, for example, how long until a monitor goes onto â€Å"energy saver†. These strategies and approaches are critical to the monitoring area, as this is ultimately the aim of monitoring, so that changes can be put in place to improve overall sustainability.Possible Uses and Recommendations Having put in place monitoring through remote sensors, the IT department is now able to provide information to the next stage of the network, in order to develop mechanisms that will allow the IT itself to manage and improve the environmental impact that computers have. For example, it is shown that CRT monitors use more power than slimmer LCD monitors and having an understanding of a link such as this allows the University (and other organisations) to make decisions at the purchasing stage that will impact on what happens in the longer run. Similarly, it is noted that LCD monitors will use a cold cathode fluorescent bulb as a general source of light, with some of the newer displays using different technologies, such as LEDs, to ensure that less electricity is used (Infoworld, 2009). Fundamentally, the aim of monitoring in this way is to ensure that there is a greater understanding obtained of the usage of electricity by simple activities, so that this can then be used firstly to influence user behaviours and secondly can then be used to develop technologies which will create automatic controls within the technology items themselves. The first element of this research policy is to understand what information has been gathered, before then formulating it in such a way that can produce clear policy guidelines for the University to then import into the wider policies and strategies which it is required to undertake, over a longer period of time. Continuous data gathering and monitoring then allows for the company or organisation to establish and improve its policies, as and when required, and as part of continuous improvement. Conclusion In conclusion, this report indicates that one relatively simple initiative of monitoring the electricity usage within an Information Systems laboratory can lead to information which is then vitally important across a wide range of departments. For example, understanding that a change in the technology of a monitor can reduce electricity usage and improve sustainability will then allow companies and organisations to change their choice of monitors, over a period of time, and to train users to amend their use of the monitors by reducing brightness, all of which will come together to improve Green IT across the campus. Future research in this area could then look at using the information gathered as a means of then developing a policy for the future BASED on the information rather than simply having the gathering of information as an agenda in its own right. References Curry, E., Guyon, B., Sheridan, C. and Donnellan, B. (2012) â€Å"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel’s Journey†. MIS Quarterly Executive. 11(2). pp. 61–74. Green Dragons (2014) City Green Monitor, Available at: http://www.green-dragons.co.uk/projects/citygreenmonitor/ [Accessed 01/12/2014]. InfoWorld (2009) Green IT. Available at: http://www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/used-pc-strategy-passes-toxic-buck-300?_kip_ipx=1053322433-1267784052&_pxn=0 Murugesan, S. (2008) â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February, pp 24-33. O’Neill, M. (2010) Green IT For Sustainable Business Practice, The Chartered Institute for IT. Therien, G (2011) â€Å"ACPI 2.0 Specification Technical Review, Intel Developer Forum† (ppt). Intel Corporation. Green IT at City University – City Green Monitor Abstract One of the main initiatives that have been employed by the City University within the Information Technology (IT) department is that of the Green Monitor where a computing room has been set up by a group of students aimed at recording data from an environmental perspective (Green Dragons, 2014). This initiative is both effective now and in the long run with wider possible uses in the future. This initiative is currently in its infancy with the wider use under analysis here as to how it can foster green IT going forward. Introduction Monitoring devices created as part of this initiative are used in order to calculate the CO2 emissions within the room itself, and then, using this information, energy consumption can then be ascertained. The aim of this initiative is to ensure that the students and staff across the University understand the impact that each computing hour has on the environment. This is therefore an initiative aimed at improving the environmental position in relation to the IT function and understanding how simple actions such as shutting down the PC at the end of the day or turning down the brightness on a monitor can have an impact on the CO2 emission (Curry et al 2012). This initiative is an information gathering initiative that allows the University and then wider organisations to monitor the impact of their behaviours in such a way that may influence behaviours in the future. This paper will look at the strategy and concepts associated with power management in green IT before then going on to look at the likely behaviours and changes that are going to ensue as a result of this green IT initiative and then to draw conclusions on the impact of the initiative as the final section of the report. Power Management Concept within Green IT The notion of Green IT was established substantially by Murugesan in 2008 stating that Green IT involves a wide range of activities including designing, using and manufacturing not only the use of the computers but also any systems associated with the renewal or purchase of such items so that there is a minimal impact on the environment (Murugesan 2008). There is a suggested indication from this notion therefore that a monitoring initiative such as the one in discussion here is a suitable area of Green IT and arguably the crucial first step as it is impossible to put in place improvements without understanding the changes and impacts in the first place. A key strategy within this area of Green IT is to put in place approaches and processes that offer greater sustainability.. For example in this case the use of remote monitors within the IT department could then be rolled out to usage in any other department that uses IT or any other item that could be used more effectively to improve sustainability. It is further noted that in a modern IT system there is a mixture of technology, people, hardware and networks. Therefore any area of Green IT needs to consider all of these factors, for example user behaviours the broader impact on networks and hardware need to also be considered. Consider for example the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which is a standard used across the entire industry to allow the operation systems to change and control the way in which the power-saving aspects operate, so that the system to a certain extent manages itself (Therien, 2011). This can be done in an entirely automated way or can allow users to set tolerated levels for example how long until a monitor goes onto ‘energy saver’. These strategies and approaches are critical to the monitoring area as this is ultimately the aim of monitoring so that changes can be put in place to improve overall sustainability. Possible Uses and Recommendations Having put in place monitoring through remote sensors the IT department is now able to provide information to the next stage of the network to develop mechanisms that will allow the IT itself to manage and improve the environmental impact that computers have. For example it is shown that CRT monitors use more power than slimmer LCD monitors and having an understanding of links such as this allows the University (and other organisations) to make decisions at the purchasing stage that will impact on what happens in the longer run. Similarly it is noted that LCD monitors will use a cold cathode fluorescent bulb as a general source of light with some of the newer displays using different technologies such as LEDs to ensure that less electricity is used (Infoworld 2009). Fundamentally the aim of monitoring in this way is to ensure that there is a greater understanding obtained of the usage of electricity by simple activities so that this can then be used to firstly influence user behaviours and secondly can then be used to develop technologies that will create automatic controls within the technology items itself. Conclusion In summary this report indicates that one relatively simple initiative of monitoring the electricity usage within an Information Systems laboratory can lead to information which is then vitally important across a wide range of departments. For example understanding that a change in the technology of a monitor can reduce electricity usage and improve sustainability will then allow companies and organisations to change their choice of monitor over a period of time and to train users to amend their use of the monitors by reducing brightness, all of which will come together to improve Green IT across the campus. References Curry, E., Guyon, B, Sheridan, C and Donnellan, B (2012) â€Å"Developing a Sustainable IT Capability: Lessons From Intel’s Journey,† MIS Quarterly Executive, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 61–74. Green Dragons (2014) City Green Monitor, Available at: http://www.green-dragons.co.uk/projects/citygreenmonitor/ InfoWorld (2009) Green IT. Available at: http://www.infoworld.com/d/green-it/used-pc-strategy-passes-toxic-buck-300?_kip_ipx=1053322433-1267784052&_pxn=0 Murugesan, S (2008) â€Å"Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices,† IEEE IT Professional, January–February, pp 24-33 Therien, G (2011) â€Å"ACPI 2.0 Specification Technical Review, Intel Developer Forum† (ppt). Intel Corporation.

Free Essays on The Issue Of Slavery Due To Colonialism In Aphra Behns Oroonoko

The Issue of Slavery Due to Colonialism In Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko The combined issues of slavery and colonialism are evident in Aphra Behn’s story, Oroonoko or The Royal Slave A True History. The impact of slavery and displacement of the enslaved leads to various negative effects such as feelings of inferiority as a race, loss of cultural history, and distrust and resentment of another race as a whole. When a group of people are enslaved and taken from their native countries, they start to lose their cultural identity and become little more than pieces of property instead of human beings with their own hopes and dreams. Although most of the African slaves were captured and put on ships, the way Oroonoko was captured was especially deceptive. Oroonoko and his people were very susceptible to the lies they were told because the people of their country pride themselves in being honest and true to their word. Behn describes how both the Indians of Surinam and Oroonoko greatly valued honesty. To the Indians, a man who broke his word was referred to as a liar, â€Å"†¦which was a word of infamy to a gentleman.†(2153) After Oroonoko was led onto the boat and recovered from his drunken state, he believed the captain’s promise that Oroonoko would be released at the next place they landed. Behn writes, †And Oroonoko, whose honor was such as he never had violated a word in his life himself, much less a solemn asseveration, believed in an instant what the man had said†.(2169) This deception leads the Africans to distrust their newfound masters, a concept that was new to them. This in turn led the slaves to act deceptively in an effort to escape. When deception and dishonesty is introduced to people who have never experienced it before, it starts a cycle of dishonesty. This is proven when Oroonoko finally decides to take revenge on his oppressors. Why should the A fricans be honest and upright people when they have been brought... Free Essays on The Issue Of Slavery Due To Colonialism In Aphra Behn's Oroonoko Free Essays on The Issue Of Slavery Due To Colonialism In Aphra Behn's Oroonoko The Issue of Slavery Due to Colonialism In Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko The combined issues of slavery and colonialism are evident in Aphra Behn’s story, Oroonoko or The Royal Slave A True History. The impact of slavery and displacement of the enslaved leads to various negative effects such as feelings of inferiority as a race, loss of cultural history, and distrust and resentment of another race as a whole. When a group of people are enslaved and taken from their native countries, they start to lose their cultural identity and become little more than pieces of property instead of human beings with their own hopes and dreams. Although most of the African slaves were captured and put on ships, the way Oroonoko was captured was especially deceptive. Oroonoko and his people were very susceptible to the lies they were told because the people of their country pride themselves in being honest and true to their word. Behn describes how both the Indians of Surinam and Oroonoko greatly valued honesty. To the Indians, a man who broke his word was referred to as a liar, â€Å"†¦which was a word of infamy to a gentleman.†(2153) After Oroonoko was led onto the boat and recovered from his drunken state, he believed the captain’s promise that Oroonoko would be released at the next place they landed. Behn writes, †And Oroonoko, whose honor was such as he never had violated a word in his life himself, much less a solemn asseveration, believed in an instant what the man had said†.(2169) This deception leads the Africans to distrust their newfound masters, a concept that was new to them. This in turn led the slaves to act deceptively in an effort to escape. When deception and dishonesty is introduced to people who have never experienced it before, it starts a cycle of dishonesty. This is proven when Oroonoko finally decides to take revenge on his oppressors. Why should the A fricans be honest and upright people when they have been brought...

Life of James Mcbride Essay Example

Life of James Mcbride Essay Example Life of James Mcbride Paper Life of James Mcbride Paper McBride, a young colored man deals with growing up and having a white mother. James McBride always realized that his mother was different from his friends mothers, but he never understood why. He would always ask his mother why she was different but she would Just reply that all people are the same. He never knew anything about the background of his mother because she never talked about it and he was afraid to ask. She would ride her old bicycle in an all black neighborhood that was run by the black panthers. James was scared for his mother because even though he was young at the time, he knew what was going on. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. James McBride was the youngest of his twelve siblings. His father died before he was born and his mother remarried soon after. He could always tell that his mother was unlike his friends mothers. When I asked her If she was white, shed say, No. Im light-skinned, and change the subject gall(McBride, 21 When James was round the age of twelve, his step-father bought his mother an old beat-up bicycle. She would ride it all around the town and James friends would always ask him why his mother looked so different. Along with being tantalizing, Sesames family was impoverished. One washcloth was used by all. A solitary toothbrush would five sets of teeth and gums. (McBride, 68). The family remained as one. Even though young James was curious about his mother and life in general, it didnt hold him back from asking questions. He asked things such as what color was Jesus? and who am l? And where did you come from mommy? . His mother always avoided the questions by answering them by saying Jesus is all the colors and You are who you are and l came from where everyone else came from. (McBride, 12-13). His mother did not want him to discuss their family with anyone else. You stick to your brothers and sisters, thats It. Dont tell nobody your business neither! (McBride, 12-13) As James was growing up, he developed many different feelings. He survived through the civil rights movement with a white mother, he completed high school ND moved onto college, and he found out the truth about his mother. He found out that his mother had a name besides mother. l had never heard that name before. Even in recounting what little she had told me of her life, Mommy had never referred to herself as Rachel. (McBride, 207). He also found out that his mother was Jewish and she was born in Poland. After James graduated from high school he attended Oberlin College and then got his masters degree in Journalism from Colombia university. When James was in college his mother was diagnosed with cancer. 01 ad a little bump on my face and she made me see this fancy doctor. Now I goat wear this dumb hat all the time. It makes me look Like a rooster. (McBride, 260). James grew In many ways from this experience. All of his life he has had his mother there to lean on and care for. As soon as she was diagnosed he realized he had to start living Nils own Tie Dye enamels. He recognizer Nils mother as a notable woman. All of her twelve children grew up to be happy and successful. Mommys children are extraordinary people, most of them leaders in their own right. AY of them had doted more mental baggage and dealt with more hardship than they care to remember, yet they carry themselves with a giant measure of dignity, humility, and humor (McBride, 277). All of them had grown up to be doctors, chemists, teachers, and writers. James views his life as a suffering with the outcome of having his dreams come true. We sat up for many n ights listening to me recite my dreams but in reality of the hard days that followed. (McBride, 291). He views his mother as a paramount woman. She taught her children that God and their educations came before anything. This theory made them succeed. Thats money if your mind is empty? (McBride, 9). Sesames family was the first thing on his mind always. He felt that his life has been fulfilled in every way. He was living in a time of revolution. When he was younger, his mother meant the most to him, he felt no matter how old he was he could protect her Just as she had protected him. It frightened the hell out of me. I thought to myself, These people will kill Mommy. (McBride,27). Overall James thinks that his younger, poor life lead up to his older, wealthier life. I think that this book was a great analysis on how a destitute black family with a white mother succeeded through a revolution. The organization of the book was efficient. The first chapter was about the mothers background and the second was about Sesames life. Then the chapters alternated with his mothers and then his throughout the book. I think that this was a good way to establish chapters because it was easier to appreciate the book. This book discussed Just about every aspect of James whole life up until he wrote the book. It was a great touching story. I think that this book was an impressive view on how twelve young colored children reacted towards having a white mother during the civil rights movement. I think that this book was a great analysis on how a destitute black family with a white mother succeeded through a revolution. This book would be great for a person with an open mind and a person who would want to read a touching story on a mans life. You need a great outlook on life to appreciate this story the way that the author wants you to. I would recommend it to almost everyone.